Sequoia-Kings Canyon's Crystal Cave showing cave drapery

This image was taken while on a tour of Crystal Cave in Sequoia National Park. Caves of this type form underground by water that has become weakly acidic by absorbing carbon dioxide, then dissolving away limestone or marble to create a cavity in the earth. The original rocks of the cave wall are collectively called speleogen. This type of cave is called a solution cave, due to the way it forms. After forming, the water continues dissolving minerals underground and dripping down through the cave. When the drops dry up, the calcium carbonate mineral is left behind, forming the cave features most people associate with caves. These formations are normally white, but may be tinged with orange or reddish streaks if the minerals have iron mixed in. These features that form after the cave walls, speleogen, are called speleothems. These particular kinds of speleothems are called cave draperies.

Photographically, the white calcium carbonate makes for a challenge since it can end up washed out by the flash. Having the light bright, but diffused, helps create an even lighting across the surface of the features instead of having a bright spot where the light from the flash ends up being too concentrated. A simple technique for achieving this effect is to move farther away from the features and use the telephoto zoom lens in combination with the flash, which is how this image was made. Not only will the light be softer, but cave drapery and other bright cave features to the side will reflect the light soften the shadows.

Remember, it's not just a picture, it's a story!

Moaning Cavern flowstone feature, The Igloo.

Moaning Cavern is a solution cave found in California's Sierra Nevada foothills. It has a metal spiral stairway leading into the largest cave room in the state. This room is large enough to fit the Statue of Liberty inside! Flowstone refers to the features that result from water flowing in laden with minerals, which then evaporates and leaves the minerals behind to accumulate over thousands of years. The Igloo shown in the photo, had water drip onto it, then run down the sides, causing the feature called cave drapery below the top of the igloo-like part of the feature. The name of the cave came from the sound that air flowing out of its natural entrance used to make. Unfortunately the lights are on long enough that algae is starting to grow on the flowstone.

Cave features can be difficult to photograph since the photographer usually has to provide all the lighting and then position it well. This feature was lit for the tourists to see, so that made it easier to photograph from a distance. You can also see some of the features above it were also lighted.We're hoping to make a video and photo book highlighting all the cave types in California. Interesting that most people don't associate California with caves, but the state could have more than any other state, plus the five main types of caves are represented here, as well.

Remember, it's not just a picture, it's a story!